6. Pointers
Sometimes an address points to another address. In these cases you may want to edit the values of the address that is being pointed to. For example, at the address 2E8F0, there may be 4 bytes- D0 CD 10 00. This may be another address (in this example 0x10CDD0). To edit the address 10CDD0 and not 2E8F0, use the caret (^) as follows:
2E8F0^ = 11 22 33
In the above example, the address that is pointed to at 2E8F0 will be used.
The following type of instructions are all valid:
2E8F0^ = 11 22 33
2E8F0^ = 90 : 5
2E8F0^ = 6A 30 > 90 90 : 3
{Memory permission}
2E8F0^ : 1000
Pointers will only return a 4 byte address.
When using pointers with Local Add/Subtraction, the correct usage is:
2E8F0^ + 10 = 11 22 33
In the above example, assuming that 2E8F0 points to the address 0x10CDD0, the final address to be changed is 0x10CDE0.
It is also possible to use more than one caret to traverse memory addresses. For example:
2E8F0^^^ = 11 22 33
7. Jumps and Calls (Opcode E9/E8)
What we are referring to here is a 4 byte relative address jump. It may be important for you to locate the address that is being jumped to. This Hext instruction will begin an operation from the location the jump references. For example, at the address 2E8F0 there may be a relative address jump with code E9 0B 17 00 00. Here, the assembly x86 instruction is jumping to a new memory location at 30000 (2E8F0 + 5 + 170B). To reference this address via the assembly jump, use the 'at sign' (@) as follows:
2E8F0@ = 11 22 33
Like with Pointers, the following type of instructions are all valid:
2E8F0@ = 11 22 33
2E8F0@ = 90 : 5
2E8F0@ = 6A 30 > 90 90 : 3
{Memory permission}
2E8F0@ : 1000
When using Jumps with Local Add/Subtraction, the correct usage is:
2E8F0@ + 10 = 11 22 33
In the above example, assuming that 2E8F0 is a jump to address 0x30000, the final address to be changed is 0x30010.
As with Pointers, it is possible to use more than one 'at sign' to traverse memory addresses; for example
2E8F0@@@ = 11 22 33
will follow three x86 Jump/Call instructions.
Combining Pointer and Jump Operations
Pointer and Jump operations can work together in one instruction. For example
2E8F0^@ = 11 22 33
will first retrieve an address at the address 0x2E8F0, and, then, if any jump operation exists at that address, the address that the jump points to will be the one used. Here is a more detailed explanation:
Suppose that at 2E8F0 there are four bytes D0 CD 10 00 (address 0x10CDD0). So, as before, the caret (^) indicates that the bytes at this address will be modified. But the 'at sign' after the caret indicates that you want to also follow a jump to a new address. At address 0x10CDD0, there may exist a Jump or Call instruction (5 bytes, starting with E8 or E9). This may point to a new address at 0x20A000. In the above example, the bytes at address 0x20A000 will be ones modified.
In the above example
2E8F0^@ = 11 22 33
is equivalent to
20A000 = 11 22 33
Looks like Google isn't going to block my "virus ridden" collection.
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